As with other Zelda games, Link can collect Heart Pieces to increase his maximum life, for extra survivability in those tough boss fights.
Skyward Sword HD is no different, with a total of 24 Heart Pieces found across the map. Once you've collected four, you'll automatically gain an extra Heart - there's no need to activate any kind of mechanism.
Follow the links before for our guides on where to find Heart Pieces in each region.
While the extra life goes a long way in surviving the hostile regions of Skyward Sword, don't forget to upgrade your gear too!